Abstract Salt stress presents an increasing threat to plant agriculture. Among the various sources of soil salinity, irrigation combined with poor drainage is the most serious, because it represents losses of once productive agricultural land. Environmental stress due to disordering in cohesions of membrane lipids and proteins. Lipids are among the most prominent constituents of cell membrane which play a fundamental role in cell permeability. Environmental stress due to disordering in cohesions of membrane lipids and proteins. Lipids are among the most prominent constituents of cell membrane which play a fundamental role in cell permeability. Abiotic and biotic stress in living organisms, including plants, can cause overflow, deregulation, or even disruption of electron transport chains (ETC) in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Under these conditions molecular oxygen (O2) acts as an electron acceptor, giving rise to the accumulation of ROS. Singlet oxygen (O2), the hydroxyl radical (OH−), the superoxide radical (O2), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are all strongly oxidizing compounds and therefore potentially harmful for cell integrity.
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